Very frequently in discussions of the relationship between theology and bioethics in general and neuroethics in particular the concept of soul as laid out by Saint Paul and the early Church fathers is either implicitly or explicitly rejected as an imposition of “Greek thought” into the more primitive and therefore pure biblical anthropology of the earlier sections of the Hebrew scriptures. Thus, the views of Paul, the apostolic fathers, and the other early Church fathers are rejected in favor of this more “monist” view—a view argued to be more in line with what modern science teaches us about the human organism and the functioning of the brain. This presentation seeks to argue that the anthropology of Paul and later Christian writers up until the time of the composition of the Nicene Creed is essential for understanding the theology of not only the Creed but also for understanding the theology of the Reformation confessions based upon the Creed. Also, taking the “primitive” or “monist” understanding of the person from the Old Testament as the quintessential portrait of the person ignores the progressive nature of revelation from the Old to the New Testament and has the potential to do violence to several Christian doctrines. The importance of the teaching of the concept of the soul for neuroethics will be explored and the question of whether this concept is at odds with current findings in neuroscience and psychology will be addressed.